direct and indirect speech

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT AND REPORTED SPEECH

You can answer the question "What did he/she say?" in two ways:

·        by repeating the words spoken (direct speech)

·        by reporting the words spoken (indirect or reported speech).

Direct Speech
Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between inverted commas ("....") and there is no change in these words. We may be reporting something that's being said NOW (for example a telephone conversation), or telling someone later about a previous conversation

Examples:

She says "What time will you be home?"
She said "What time will you be home?"
and I said "I don't know! "
"There's a fly in my soup!" screamed Simone.
John said, "There's an elephant outside the window."

Reported Speech
Reported speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Inverted commas are not used.

She said, "I saw him." She said that she had seen him.

a.      'That' may be omitted:
She told him that she was happy.
She told him she was happy.

b.     'Say' and 'tell':
Use 'say' when there is no indirect object:
He said that he was tired.

Always use 'tell' when you say who was being spoken to (i.e. with an indirect object):
He told me that he was tired.
'Talk' and 'speak' are used:
- to describe the action of communicating:
He talked to us.
She was speaking on the telephone.
- with 'about' to refer to what was said:
He talked (to us) about his parents.

REPORTED SPEECH

HOPES, INTENTIONS, PROMISES

When we report an intention, hope or promise, we use an appropriate reporting verb followed by a that-clause or a to-infinitive:

"I'll pay you the money tomorrow."
He promised to pay me the money the next day.
He promised that he would pay me the money the next day.

Other verbs used in this pattern include:
hope, propose, threaten, guarantee, swear.

Examples:

a.      "I'll be back by lunchtime."
He promised to be back by lunchtime.
He promised that he would be back by lunchtime.

b.     "We should arrive in London before nightfall."
They hoped to arrive in London before nightfall.
They hoped they would arrive in London before nightfall.

c.      "Give me the keys to the safe or I'll shoot you!"
He threatened to shoot me if I didn't give him the keys to the safe.
He threatened that he would shoot me if I didn't give him the keys to the safe.

REPORTED SPEECH

ORDERS, REQUESTS, SUGGESTIONS

1. When we want to report an order or request, we can use a verb like 'tell' with a to-clause.

Examples:

He told me to go away.
The pattern is verb + indirect object + to-clause.
(The indirect object is the person spoken to.)

Other verbs used to report orders and requests in this way are: command, order, warn, ask, advise, invite, beg, teach, forbid.

Examples:

a. The doctor said to me, "Stop smoking!".
The doctor told me to stop smoking.

b. "Get out of the car!" said the policeman.
The policeman ordered him to get out of the car.

c. "Could you please be quiet," she said.
She asked me to be quiet.

d. The man with the gun said to us, "Don't move!"
The man with the gun warned us not to move.

(See also section on Verbs followed by infinitive and Verbs followed by gerund)

2. Requests for objects are reported using the pattern
ask + for + object: Examples:

a. "Can I have an apple?", she asked. She asked for an apple.
b. "Can I have the newspaper, please?"
He asked for the newspaper.
c. "May I have a glass of water?" he said.
He asked for a glass of water.
d. "Sugar, please."
She asked for the sugar.
e. "Could I have three kilos of onions?"
He asked for three kilos of onions.

3. Suggestions are usually reported with a that-clause. 'That' and 'should' are optional in these clauses:

She said: "Why don't you get a mechanic to look at the car?" She suggested that I should get a mechanic to look at the car. OR She suggested I get a mechanic to look at the car.

Other reporting verbs used in this way are: insist, recommend, demand, request, propose.

Examples:

a. "It would be a good idea to see the dentist", said my mother. My mother suggested I see the dentist.

b. The dentist said, "I think you should use a different toothbrush". The dentist recommended that I should use a different toothbrush.

c. My manager said, "I think we should examine the budget carefully at this meeting." My manager proposed that we examine the budget carefully at the meeting.

d. "Why don't you sleep overnight at my house?" she said. She suggested that I sleep overnight at her house.

Notes:

Suggest can also be followed by a gerund: I suggested postponing the visit to the dentist.

REPORTED SPEECH

QUESTIONS

1. Normal word order is used in reported questions, that is, the subject comes before the verb, and it is not necessary to use 'do' or 'did':

"Where does Peter live?" She asked him where Peter lived.

2. Yes / no questions: This type of question is reported by using 'ask' + 'if / whether + clause:

a. "Do you speak English?" He asked me if I spoke English.

b. "Are you British or American?" He asked me whether I was British or American.

c. "Is it raining?" She asked if it was raining.

d. "Have you got a computer?" He wanted to know whether I had a computer.

e. "Can you type?" She asked if I could type.

f. "Did you come by train?" He enquired whether I had come by train.

g. "Have you been to Bristol before?" She asked if I had been to Bristol before.

3. Question words:
This type of question is reported by using 'ask' (or another verb like 'ask') + question word + clause. The clause contains the question, in normal word order and with the necessary tense change.

Examples:

a. "What is your name?" he asked me. He asked me what my name was.

b. "How old is your mother?", he asked. He asked how old her mother was.

c. The mouse said to the elephant, "Where do you live?" The mouse asked the elephant where she lived.

d. "What time does the train arrive?" she asked. She asked what time the train arrived.

e. "When can we have dinner?" she asked. She asked when they could have dinner.

f. The elephant said to the mouse, "Why are you so small?" The elephant asked the mouse why she was so small.

REPORTED SPEECH

SUMMARY OF REPORTING VERBS

Note that some reporting verbs may appear in more than one of the following groups.

1. Verbs followed by 'if' or 'whether' + clause:

ask know remember

say see

2. Verbs followed by a that-clause:

add admit agree announce answer argue boast claim comment complain confirm consider deny

doubt estimate explain fear feel insist mention observe persuade propose remark remember repeat

reply report reveal say state suggest suppose tell think understand warn

3. Verbs followed by either a that-clause or a to-infinitive:

decide expect guarantee hope

promise swear threaten

4. Verbs followed by a that-clause containing should
(but note that it may be omitted, leaving a subject + zero-infinitive):

advise beg demand

insist prefer propose

recommend request suggest

5. Verbs followed by a clause starting with a question word:

decide describe discover discuss explain forget guess

imagine know learn realise remember reveal say

see suggest teach tell think understand wonder

6. Verbs followed by object + to-infinitive

advise ask beg command

forbid instruct invite

teach tell warn

REPORTED SPEECH

TENSE CHANGES

Normally, the tense in reported speech is one tense back in time from the tense in direct speech:

She said, "I am tired." She said that she was tired.

The changes are shown below:

Simple present		Simple past
"I always drink coffee", she said		She said that she always drank coffee.
Present continuous		Past continuous
"I am reading a book", he explained.		He explained that he was reading a book
Simple past		Past perfect
"Bill arrived on Saturday", he said.		He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday
Present perfect		Past perfect
"I have been to Spain", he told me.		He told me that he had been to Spain
Past perfect		Past perfect
"I had just turned out the light," he explained.		He explained that he had just turned out the light.
Present perfect continuous		Past perfect continuous
They complained, "We have been waiting for hours".		They complained that they had been waiting for hours.
Past continuous		Past perfect continuous
"We were living in Paris", they told me.		They told me that they had been living in Paris.
Future		Present conditional
"I will be in Geneva on Monday", he said		He said that he would be in Geneva on Monday.
Future continuous		Conditional continuous
She said, "I'll be using the car next Friday".		She said that she would be using the car next Friday.

NOTE:

1. You do not need to change the tense if the reporting verb is in the present, or if the original statement was about something that is still true, e.g.

He says he has missed the train but he'll catch the next one.
We explained that it is very difficult to find our house.

2. These modal verbs do not change in reported speech:
might, could, would, should, ought to, e.g.

We explained that it could be difficult to find our house.
She said that she might bring a friend to the party.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct and indirect speech digunakan untuk mengatakan/menceritakan kembali apa yang dikatakan seseorang kepada orang lain. Dalam Direct Speech/Kalimat Langsung kita mengulang kembali persis seperti apa yang dikatakan seseorang/apa yang kita dengar dengan tidak mengubah satu katapun.Misalnya: My sister said: “I have lost my money”.

Dalam Direct Speech, ucapan atau kata-kata yang diulang ditempatkan dalam tanda kutip dengan didahului oleh titik dua sesudah Reporting Verb. Kalimat langsung /Direct Speech biasanya digunakan pada percakapan-percakapan dalam buku-buku, sandiwara, drama, atau kutipan-kutipan.

Jika Direct speech di atas diubah ke dalam Indirect Speech akan menjadi:

My sister said that she had lost her money.

Berdasarkan contoh di atas jelas bahwa Simple Past Tense dalam tanda kutip berubah menjadi Past Perfect Tense dalam Indirect Speech.

Untuk mengubah Direct Speech ke dalam Indirect Speech yang perlu sekali diperhatikan adalah Reporting Verb dalam bentuk Simple Present Tense, maka dalam Indirrect Speech tidak akan mengalami perubahan Tenses. Yang berubah hanya Pronoun-nya saja.

He says: “The first train will arrive early today”.

He says that the first train will arrive early today.

Jika Reporting Verb-nya dalam bentuk Simple Past Tense, Indirect Speech akan mengalami perubahan tenses sebagai berikut ini.

	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
1	Simple Present Tense	Simple Past Tense
	Linda said: “I buy my dictionary at the book shop”.	Linda said that she bought her dictionary at the book shop.
2	Present Continuous Tense	Past Continuous
	She said: “I doing my English homework”.	She said that she was doing her English homework.
3	Present Perfect	Past Perfect Tense
	John said: “I have finished doing my reports”.	John said that he had finished doing his reports.
4	Present Perfect Continuous Tense	Past Perfect Continuous Tense
	He said: “We have been living here for three years”.	He said that they had been living there for three years.
5	Future Tense	Past Future Tense
	Laila said: “We will leave for Singapore”.	Laila said that they would leave for Singapore.
6	Past Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous Tense
	He said: “I was reading an English novels”.	He said that he had been reading English novels.

Selain perubahan tense jika Reporting Verb-nya dalam Simple Past Tense, keterangan waktu juga mengalami perubahan sebagai berikut ini.

No.	Direct	Indirect
1	Today	That day
	Father said: “I’ll be very busy today”.	Father said that he would be very busy that day.
2	Yesterday	The day before
	He said: “I came to your house yesterday”.	He said that he had come to my house the day before.
3	Tomorrow	The following day / the next day
	He promised: “I will return your books tomorrow”.	He promised that he would return my books the next day.
4	Next week	The following week
	They said: “We will go to your house next week”.	They said that they would come to my house the following week.
5	Next year	The following year
	She said: “I am going to America next year”.	She said that she was going to America the following year.
6	Last week	The previous week
	He said to me: “I bought this dictionary last week”.	He told me that he had bought that dictionary the previous week.
7	Last month	The previous month
	John said: “My father came back from Japan last month”.	John said that his father had come back from Japan the previous month.
8	The day before yesterday	Two days before
	She said: “I sent my application letter the day before yesterday”.	She said that she had sent her application letter two days before.

Direct Speech / Quoted Speech

Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech)
Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.
For example:
She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."
or
"Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.

Indirect Speech / Reported Speech

Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.
When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
For example:

Direct speech	Indirect speech
"I'm going to the cinema", he said.	He said he was going to the cinema.

 

Tense change

As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right):

Direct speech		Indirect speech
Present simple She said, "It's cold."	›	Past simple She said it was cold.
Present continuous She said, "I'm teaching English online."	›	Past continuous She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."	›	Past perfect simple She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."	›	Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple She said, "I taught online yesterday."	›	Past perfect She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous She said, "I was teaching earlier."	›	Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."	›	Past perfect NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."	›	Past perfect continuous NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.

Modal verb forms also sometimes change:

Direct speech		Indirect speech
will She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow."	›	would She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
can She said, "I can teach English online."	›	could She said she could teach English online.
must She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online."	›	had to She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.
shall She said, "What shall we learn today?"	›	should She asked what we should learn today.
may She said, "May I open a new browser?"	›	might She asked if she might open a new browser.